Foundations of Web Design & Web Authoring Training Classes in Tallahassee, Florida
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29 April, 2024 - 1 May, 2024 - Ruby on Rails
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Blog Entries publications that: entertain, make you think, offer insight
I will begin our blog on Java Tutorial with an incredibly important aspect of java development: memory management. The importance of this topic should not be minimized as an application's performance and footprint size are at stake.
From the outset, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) manages memory via a mechanism known as Garbage Collection (GC). The Garbage collector
- Manages the heap memory. All obects are stored on the heap; therefore, all objects are managed. The keyword, new, allocates the requisite memory to instantiate an object and places the newly allocated memory on the heap. This object is marked as live until it is no longer being reference.
- Deallocates or reclaims those objects that are no longer being referened.
- Traditionally, employs a Mark and Sweep algorithm. In the mark phase, the collector identifies which objects are still alive. The sweep phase identifies objects that are no longer alive.
- Deallocates the memory of objects that are not marked as live.
- Is automatically run by the JVM and not explicitely called by the Java developer. Unlike languages such as C++, the Java developer has no explict control over memory management.
- Does not manage the stack. Local primitive types and local object references are not managed by the GC.
So if the Java developer has no control over memory management, why even worry about the GC? It turns out that memory management is an integral part of an application's performance, all things being equal. The more memory that is required for the application to run, the greater the likelihood that computational efficiency suffers. To that end, the developer has to take into account the amount of memory being allocated when writing code. This translates into the amount of heap memory being consumed.
Memory is split into two types: stack and heap. Stack memory is memory set aside for a thread of execution e.g. a function. When a function is called, a block of memory is reserved for those variables local to the function, provided that they are either a type of Java primitive or an object reference. Upon runtime completion of the function call, the reserved memory block is now available for the next thread of execution. Heap memory, on the otherhand, is dynamically allocated. That is, there is no set pattern for allocating or deallocating this memory. Therefore, keeping track or managing this type of memory is a complicated process. In Java, such memory is allocated when instantiating an object:
String s = new String(); // new operator being employed String m = "A String"; /* object instantiated by the JVM and then being set to a value. The JVM calls the new operator */
Python and Ruby, each with roots going back into the 1990s, are two of the most popular interpreted programming languages today. Ruby is most widely known as the language in which the ubiquitous Ruby on Rails web application framework is written, but it also has legions of fans that use it for things that have nothing to do with the web. Python is a big hit in the numerical and scientific computing communities at the present time, rapidly displacing such longtime stalwarts as R when it comes to these applications. It too, however, is also put to a myriad of other uses, and the two languages probably vie for the title when it comes to how flexible their users find them.
A Matter of Personality...
That isn't to say that there aren't some major, immediately noticeable, differences between the two programming tongues. Ruby is famous for its flexibility and eagerness to please; it is seen by many as a cleaned-up continuation of Perl's "Do What I Mean" philosophy, whereby the interpreter does its best to figure out the meaning of evening non-canonical syntactic constructs. In fact, the language's creator, Yukihiro Matsumoto, chose his brainchild's name in homage to that earlier language's gemstone-inspired moniker.
Python, on the other hand, takes a very different tact. In a famous Python Enhancement Proposal called "The Zen of Python," longtime Pythonista Tim Peters declared it to be preferable that there should only be a single obvious way to do anything. Python enthusiasts and programmers, then, generally prize unanimity of style over syntactic flexibility compared to those who choose Ruby, and this shows in the code they create. Even Python's whitespace-sensitive parsing has a feel of lending clarity through syntactical enforcement that is very much at odds with the much fuzzier style of typical Ruby code.
For example, Python's much-admired list comprehension feature serves as the most obvious way to build up certain kinds of lists according to initial conditions:
a = [x**3 for x in range(10,20)]
b = [y for y in a if y % 2 == 0]
first builds up a list of the cubes of all of the numbers between 10 and 19 (yes, 19), assigning the result to 'a'. A second list of those elements in 'a' which are even is then stored in 'b'. One natural way to do this in Ruby is probably:
a = (10..19).map {|x| x ** 3}
b = a.select {|y| y.even?}
but there are a number of obvious alternatives, such as:
a = (10..19).collect do |x|
x ** 3
end
b = a.find_all do |y|
y % 2 == 0
end
It tends to be a little easier to come up with equally viable, but syntactically distinct, solutions in Ruby compared to Python, even for relatively simple tasks like the above. That is not to say that Ruby is a messy language, either; it is merely that it is somewhat freer and more forgiving than Python is, and many consider Python's relative purity in this regard a real advantage when it comes to writing clear, easily understandable code.
And Somewhat One of Performance
Millions of people experienced the frustration and failures of the Obamacare website when it first launched. Because the code for the back end is not open source, the exact technicalities of the initial failings are tricky to determine. Many curious programmers and web designers have had time to examine the open source coding on the front end, however, leading to reasonable conclusions about the nature of the overall difficulties.
Lack of End to End Collaboration
The website was developed with multiple contractors for the front-end and back-end functions. The site also needed to be integrated with insurance companies, IRS servers, Homeland Security servers, and the Department of Veterans Affairs, all of whom had their own legacy systems. The large number of parties involved and the complex nature of the various components naturally complicated the testing and integration of each portion of the project.
The errors displayed, and occasionally the lack thereof, indicated an absence of coordination between the parties developing the separate components. A failed sign up attempt, for instance, often resulted in a page that displayed the header but had no content or failure message. A look at end user requests revealed that the database was unavailable. Clearly, the coding for the front end did not include errors for failures on the back end.
Bloat and the Abundance of Minor Issues
Obviously, numerous bugs were also an issue. The system required users to create passwords that included numbers, for example, but failed to disclose that on the form and in subsequent failure messages, leaving users baffled. In another issue, one of the pages intended to ask users to please wait or call instead, but the message and the phone information were accidentally commented out in the code.
While the front-end design has been cleared of blame for the most serious failures, bloat in the code did contribute to the early difficulties users experienced. The site design was heavy with Javascript and CSS files, and it was peppered with small coding errors that became particularly troublesome when users faced bottlenecks in traffic. Frequent typos throughout the code proved to be an additional embarrassment and were another indication of a troubled development process.
NoSQL Database
The NoSQL database is intended to allow for scalability and flexibility in the architecture of projects that will use it. This made NoSQL a logical choice for the health insurance exchange website. The newness of the technology, however, means personnel with expertise can be elusive. Database-related missteps were more likely the result of a lack of experienced administrators than with the technology itself. The choice of the NoSQL database was thus another complication in the development, but did not itself cause the failures.
Another factor of consequence is that the website was built with both agile and waterfall methodology elements. With agile methods for the front end and the waterfall methodology for the back end, streamlining was naturally going to suffer further difficulties. The disparate contractors, varied methods of software development, and an unrealistically short project time line all contributed to the coding failures of the website.
The original article was posted by Michael Veksler on Quora
A very well known fact is that code is written once, but it is read many times. This means that a good developer, in any language, writes understandable code. Writing understandable code is not always easy, and takes practice. The difficult part, is that you read what you have just written and it makes perfect sense to you, but a year later you curse the idiot who wrote that code, without realizing it was you.
The best way to learn how to write readable code, is to collaborate with others. Other people will spot badly written code, faster than the author. There are plenty of open source projects, which you can start working on and learn from more experienced programmers.
Readability is a tricky thing, and involves several aspects:
- Never surprise the reader of your code, even if it will be you a year from now. For example, don’t call a function max() when sometimes it returns the minimum().
- Be consistent, and use the same conventions throughout your code. Not only the same naming conventions, and the same indentation, but also the same semantics. If, for example, most of your functions return a negative value for failure and a positive for success, then avoid writing functions that return false on failure.
- Write short functions, so that they fit your screen. I hate strict rules, since there are always exceptions, but from my experience you can almost always write functions short enough to fit your screen. Throughout my carrier I had only a few cases when writing short function was either impossible, or resulted in much worse code.
- Use descriptive names, unless this is one of those standard names, such as i or it in a loop. Don’t make the name too long, on one hand, but don’t make it cryptic on the other.
- Define function names by what they do, not by what they are used for or how they are implemented. If you name functions by what they do, then code will be much more readable, and much more reusable.
- Avoid global state as much as you can. Global variables, and sometimes attributes in an object, are difficult to reason about. It is difficult to understand why such global state changes, when it does, and requires a lot of debugging.
- As Donald Knuth wrote in one of his papers: “Early optimization is the root of all evil”. Meaning, write for readability first, optimize later.
- The opposite of the previous rule: if you have an alternative which has similar readability, but lower complexity, use it. Also, if you have a polynomial alternative to your exponential algorithm (when N > 10), you should use that.
Use standard library whenever it makes your code shorter; don’t implement everything yourself. External libraries are more problematic, and are both good and bad. With external libraries, such as boost, you can save a lot of work. You should really learn boost, with the added benefit that the c++ standard gets more and more form boost. The negative with boost is that it changes over time, and code that works today may break tomorrow. Also, if you try to combine a third-party library, which uses a specific version of boost, it may break with your current version of boost. This does not happen often, but it may.
Don’t blindly use C++ standard library without understanding what it does - learn it. You look at
documentation at it tells you that its complexity is O(1), amortized. What does that mean? How does it work? What are benefits and what are the costs? Same with std::vector::push_back()
, and with std::map
. Knowing the difference between these two maps, you’d know when to use each one of them.std::unordered_map
Never call
or new
directly, use delete
and [cost c++]std::make_shared[/code] instead. Try to implement std::make_unique
yourself, in order to understand what they actually do. People do dumb things with these types, since they don’t understand what these pointers are.usique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr
Every time you look at a new class or function, in boost or in std, ask yourself “why is it done this way and not another?”. It will help you understand trade-offs in software development, and will help you use the right tool for your job. Don’t be afraid to peek into the source of boost and the std, and try to understand how it works. It will not be easy, at first, but you will learn a lot.
Know what complexity is, and how to calculate it. Avoid exponential and cubic complexity, unless you know your N is very low, and will always stay low.
Learn data-structures and algorithms, and know them. Many people think that it is simply a wasted time, since all data-structures are implemented in standard libraries, but this is not as simple as that. By understanding data-structures, you’d find it easier to pick the right library. Also, believe it or now, after 25 years since I learned data-structures, I still use this knowledge. Half a year ago I had to implemented a hash table, since I needed fast serialization capability which the available libraries did not provide. Now I am writing some sort of interval-btree, since using std::map, for the same purpose, turned up to be very very slow, and the performance bottleneck of my code.
Notice that you can’t just find interval-btree on Wikipedia, or stack-overflow. The closest thing you can find is Interval tree, but it has some performance drawbacks. So how can you implement an interval-btree, unless you know what a btree is and what an interval-tree is? I strongly suggest, again, that you learn and remember data-structures.
These are the most important things, which will make you a better programmer. The other things will follow.
Tech Life in Florida
Company Name | City | Industry | Secondary Industry |
---|---|---|---|
Lender Processing Services, Inc. (LPS) | Jacksonville | Software and Internet | Data Analytics, Management and Storage |
World Fuel Services Corporation | Miami | Energy and Utilities | Gasoline and Oil Refineries |
SEACOR Holdings Inc. | Fort Lauderdale | Transportation and Storage | Marine and Inland Shipping |
MasTec, Inc. | Miami | Business Services | Security Services |
Health Management Associates, Inc. | Naples | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals and Biotech | Hospitals |
B/E Aerospace, Inc. | Wellington | Manufacturing | Aerospace and Defense |
Roper Industries, Inc. | Sarasota | Manufacturing | Manufacturing Other |
AutoNation | Fort Lauderdale | Retail | Automobile Dealers |
Watsco, Inc. | Miami | Wholesale and Distribution | Wholesale and Distribution Other |
SFN Group | Fort Lauderdale | Business Services | HR and Recruiting Services |
Tupperware Corporation | Orlando | Manufacturing | Plastics and Rubber Manufacturing |
AirTran Holdings, Inc. | Orlando | Travel, Recreation and Leisure | Passenger Airlines |
WellCare Health Plans, Inc. | Tampa | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals and Biotech | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotech Other |
Lennar Corporation | Miami | Real Estate and Construction | Real Estate Agents and Appraisers |
HSN, Inc. | Saint Petersburg | Retail | Retail Other |
Certegy | Saint Petersburg | Business Services | Business Services Other |
Raymond James Financial, Inc. | Saint Petersburg | Financial Services | Trust, Fiduciary, and Custody Activities |
Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. | Jacksonville | Retail | Grocery and Specialty Food Stores |
Jabil Circuit, Inc. | Saint Petersburg | Computers and Electronics | Semiconductor and Microchip Manufacturing |
CSX Corporation | Jacksonville | Transportation and Storage | Freight Hauling (Rail and Truck) |
Fidelity National Financial, Inc. | Jacksonville | Financial Services | Insurance and Risk Management |
Tech Data Corporation | Clearwater | Consumer Services | Automotive Repair & Maintenance |
TECO Energy, Inc. | Tampa | Manufacturing | Chemicals and Petrochemicals |
Lincare Holdings Inc | Clearwater | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals and Biotech | Medical Supplies and Equipment |
Chico's FAS Inc. | Fort Myers | Retail | Clothing and Shoes Stores |
Burger King Corporation LLC | Miami | Retail | Restaurants and Bars |
Publix Super Markets, Inc. | Lakeland | Retail | Grocery and Specialty Food Stores |
Florida Power and Light Company | Juno Beach | Energy and Utilities | Gas and Electric Utilities |
Ryder System, Inc. | Miami | Transportation and Storage | Freight Hauling (Rail and Truck) |
Citrix Systems, Inc. | Fort Lauderdale | Software and Internet | Software and Internet Other |
Harris Corporation | Melbourne | Telecommunications | Wireless and Mobile |
Office Depot, Inc. | Boca Raton | Computers and Electronics | Audio, Video and Photography |
Landstar System, Inc. | Jacksonville | Transportation and Storage | Freight Hauling (Rail and Truck) |
Darden Restaurants, Inc. | Orlando | Retail | Restaurants and Bars |
PSS World Medical, Inc. | Jacksonville | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals and Biotech | Medical Supplies and Equipment |
training details locations, tags and why hsg
The Hartmann Software Group understands these issues and addresses them and others during any training engagement. Although no IT educational institution can guarantee career or application development success, HSG can get you closer to your goals at a far faster rate than self paced learning and, arguably, than the competition. Here are the reasons why we are so successful at teaching:
- Learn from the experts.
- We have provided software development and other IT related training to many major corporations in Florida since 2002.
- Our educators have years of consulting and training experience; moreover, we require each trainer to have cross-discipline expertise i.e. be Java and .NET experts so that you get a broad understanding of how industry wide experts work and think.
- Discover tips and tricks about Foundations of Web Design & Web Authoring programming
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