IBM Training Classes in Fairfield, California
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Blog Entries publications that: entertain, make you think, offer insight
I will begin our blog on Java Tutorial with an incredibly important aspect of java development: memory management. The importance of this topic should not be minimized as an application's performance and footprint size are at stake.
From the outset, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) manages memory via a mechanism known as Garbage Collection (GC). The Garbage collector
- Manages the heap memory. All obects are stored on the heap; therefore, all objects are managed. The keyword, new, allocates the requisite memory to instantiate an object and places the newly allocated memory on the heap. This object is marked as live until it is no longer being reference.
- Deallocates or reclaims those objects that are no longer being referened.
- Traditionally, employs a Mark and Sweep algorithm. In the mark phase, the collector identifies which objects are still alive. The sweep phase identifies objects that are no longer alive.
- Deallocates the memory of objects that are not marked as live.
- Is automatically run by the JVM and not explicitely called by the Java developer. Unlike languages such as C++, the Java developer has no explict control over memory management.
- Does not manage the stack. Local primitive types and local object references are not managed by the GC.
So if the Java developer has no control over memory management, why even worry about the GC? It turns out that memory management is an integral part of an application's performance, all things being equal. The more memory that is required for the application to run, the greater the likelihood that computational efficiency suffers. To that end, the developer has to take into account the amount of memory being allocated when writing code. This translates into the amount of heap memory being consumed.
Memory is split into two types: stack and heap. Stack memory is memory set aside for a thread of execution e.g. a function. When a function is called, a block of memory is reserved for those variables local to the function, provided that they are either a type of Java primitive or an object reference. Upon runtime completion of the function call, the reserved memory block is now available for the next thread of execution. Heap memory, on the otherhand, is dynamically allocated. That is, there is no set pattern for allocating or deallocating this memory. Therefore, keeping track or managing this type of memory is a complicated process. In Java, such memory is allocated when instantiating an object:
String s = new String(); // new operator being employed String m = "A String"; /* object instantiated by the JVM and then being set to a value. The JVM calls the new operator */
The original article was posted by Michael Veksler on Quora
A very well known fact is that code is written once, but it is read many times. This means that a good developer, in any language, writes understandable code. Writing understandable code is not always easy, and takes practice. The difficult part, is that you read what you have just written and it makes perfect sense to you, but a year later you curse the idiot who wrote that code, without realizing it was you.
The best way to learn how to write readable code, is to collaborate with others. Other people will spot badly written code, faster than the author. There are plenty of open source projects, which you can start working on and learn from more experienced programmers.
Readability is a tricky thing, and involves several aspects:
- Never surprise the reader of your code, even if it will be you a year from now. For example, don’t call a function max() when sometimes it returns the minimum().
- Be consistent, and use the same conventions throughout your code. Not only the same naming conventions, and the same indentation, but also the same semantics. If, for example, most of your functions return a negative value for failure and a positive for success, then avoid writing functions that return false on failure.
- Write short functions, so that they fit your screen. I hate strict rules, since there are always exceptions, but from my experience you can almost always write functions short enough to fit your screen. Throughout my carrier I had only a few cases when writing short function was either impossible, or resulted in much worse code.
- Use descriptive names, unless this is one of those standard names, such as i or it in a loop. Don’t make the name too long, on one hand, but don’t make it cryptic on the other.
- Define function names by what they do, not by what they are used for or how they are implemented. If you name functions by what they do, then code will be much more readable, and much more reusable.
- Avoid global state as much as you can. Global variables, and sometimes attributes in an object, are difficult to reason about. It is difficult to understand why such global state changes, when it does, and requires a lot of debugging.
- As Donald Knuth wrote in one of his papers: “Early optimization is the root of all evil”. Meaning, write for readability first, optimize later.
- The opposite of the previous rule: if you have an alternative which has similar readability, but lower complexity, use it. Also, if you have a polynomial alternative to your exponential algorithm (when N > 10), you should use that.
Use standard library whenever it makes your code shorter; don’t implement everything yourself. External libraries are more problematic, and are both good and bad. With external libraries, such as boost, you can save a lot of work. You should really learn boost, with the added benefit that the c++ standard gets more and more form boost. The negative with boost is that it changes over time, and code that works today may break tomorrow. Also, if you try to combine a third-party library, which uses a specific version of boost, it may break with your current version of boost. This does not happen often, but it may.
Don’t blindly use C++ standard library without understanding what it does - learn it. You look at
documentation at it tells you that its complexity is O(1), amortized. What does that mean? How does it work? What are benefits and what are the costs? Same with std::vector::push_back()
, and with std::map
. Knowing the difference between these two maps, you’d know when to use each one of them.std::unordered_map
Never call
or new
directly, use delete
and [cost c++]std::make_shared[/code] instead. Try to implement std::make_unique
yourself, in order to understand what they actually do. People do dumb things with these types, since they don’t understand what these pointers are.usique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr
Every time you look at a new class or function, in boost or in std, ask yourself “why is it done this way and not another?”. It will help you understand trade-offs in software development, and will help you use the right tool for your job. Don’t be afraid to peek into the source of boost and the std, and try to understand how it works. It will not be easy, at first, but you will learn a lot.
Know what complexity is, and how to calculate it. Avoid exponential and cubic complexity, unless you know your N is very low, and will always stay low.
Learn data-structures and algorithms, and know them. Many people think that it is simply a wasted time, since all data-structures are implemented in standard libraries, but this is not as simple as that. By understanding data-structures, you’d find it easier to pick the right library. Also, believe it or now, after 25 years since I learned data-structures, I still use this knowledge. Half a year ago I had to implemented a hash table, since I needed fast serialization capability which the available libraries did not provide. Now I am writing some sort of interval-btree, since using std::map, for the same purpose, turned up to be very very slow, and the performance bottleneck of my code.
Notice that you can’t just find interval-btree on Wikipedia, or stack-overflow. The closest thing you can find is Interval tree, but it has some performance drawbacks. So how can you implement an interval-btree, unless you know what a btree is and what an interval-tree is? I strongly suggest, again, that you learn and remember data-structures.
These are the most important things, which will make you a better programmer. The other things will follow.
Learning SQL development can seem like an overwhelming task at first. However, mastering just a few key points will help ease your way through 80 percent of the day-to-day challenges when writing stored procedures and solving common problems. Here are three important SQL development factors to keep in mind:
Outer Joins
One of the most crucial things to understand in SQL server are joins. Joins are a way to retrieve data from two or more tables based on logical relationships between them. Joins dictate how Microsoft SQL Server ought to use data from one table to select the rows in another table.
In my experience inner joins are intuitive while outer joins can present additional hours of grief by overlooking associations in the other table(s). The outer join is the key to answering questions about what the database does not have. For example, if you need to make a query to display all the students who are without report-cards, you’ll need a left join to get all students coupled with a “where clause” to return the ones who have nulls for their report card table columns in the results.
Many talented Java script programmers have muddled through the SQL Server by deficient coding around the inner join. As a result, their queries can take five hours to run, whereas, properly written left joins, can take only two seconds to run.
Aggregation
Grouping results comes up in SQL a lot more than you might think. Knowing how to write a query when answering questions such as, “What’s the average grade for each teacher’s student list?” is invaluable. This kind of question cannot be answered with a single table or solely by joins. You’ll often find you need to use joins in conjunction with group by statements. Always write the raw query first and then look at the results. Next, you have to figure out the best way to group them, rewrite your select clause and add a group by clause in the end.
Digging Through Data
I find this is the most lacking skill in many programmers. In fact, many otherwise-talented programmers holding Master’s Degrees fail to get jobs because they couldn’t analyze rows of data objectively during interviews. It’s just something that’s not taught but is crucial to get under you belt. Why? Eventually, some query is not going to perform as you may expect. And, the only way to find discrepancies is to look at rows of data, identify what join isn’t finding a match or where bad data is throwing things into chaos. Get familiar with how joins actually work, even if you have to manually walk through the logic of a large stored procedure’s tree of joins. It’s boring and time-consuming but absolutely necessary.
Take the time to master the core skills that will make you a successful SQL Programmer and avoid queries that run for five hours!
Jeff Nelson, a former Googler and inventor of Chromebook says on Quora, “One habit I've clung to is writing small prototypes when I'm trying to learn new concepts.
For example, I'll sit down with a book or a web page, and over the course of a few hours, write 30 or 40 programs all of them only a few dozen lines long. Each program intended to demonstrate some simple concept. This prototyping makes it very easy to try out many concepts in a short period of time.”
Miguel Paraz, Software Engineering Student habit is to “keep a log in a text file or document on my work computer. Before trying to solve a problem, I write it down first. And then I describe the details as they happen.”
Tech Life in California
Company Name | City | Industry | Secondary Industry |
---|---|---|---|
Mattel, Inc. | El Segundo | Retail | Sporting Goods, Hobby, Book, and Music Stores |
Spectrum Group International, Inc. | Irvine | Retail | Retail Other |
Chevron Corp | San Ramon | Energy and Utilities | Gasoline and Oil Refineries |
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. | Pasadena | Real Estate and Construction | Construction and Remodeling |
eBay Inc. | San Jose | Software and Internet | E-commerce and Internet Businesses |
Broadcom Corporation | Irvine | Computers and Electronics | Semiconductor and Microchip Manufacturing |
Franklin Templeton Investments | San Mateo | Financial Services | Investment Banking and Venture Capital |
Pacific Life Insurance Company | Newport Beach | Financial Services | Insurance and Risk Management |
Tutor Perini Corporation | Sylmar | Real Estate and Construction | Construction and Remodeling |
SYNNEX Corporation | Fremont | Software and Internet | Data Analytics, Management and Storage |
Core-Mark International Inc | South San Francisco | Manufacturing | Food and Dairy Product Manufacturing and Packaging |
Occidental Petroleum Corporation | Los Angeles | Manufacturing | Chemicals and Petrochemicals |
Yahoo!, Inc. | Sunnyvale | Software and Internet | Software and Internet Other |
Edison International | Rosemead | Energy and Utilities | Gas and Electric Utilities |
Ingram Micro, Inc. | Santa Ana | Computers and Electronics | Consumer Electronics, Parts and Repair |
Safeway, Inc. | Pleasanton | Retail | Grocery and Specialty Food Stores |
Gilead Sciences, Inc. | San Mateo | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals and Biotech | Pharmaceuticals |
AECOM Technology Corporation | Los Angeles | Real Estate and Construction | Architecture,Engineering and Design |
Reliance Steel and Aluminum | Los Angeles | Manufacturing | Metals Manufacturing |
Live Nation, Inc. | Beverly Hills | Media and Entertainment | Performing Arts |
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Sunnyvale | Computers and Electronics | Semiconductor and Microchip Manufacturing |
Pacific Gas and Electric Corp | San Francisco | Energy and Utilities | Gas and Electric Utilities |
Electronic Arts Inc. | Redwood City | Software and Internet | Games and Gaming |
Oracle Corporation | Redwood City | Software and Internet | Software and Internet Other |
Symantec Corporation | Mountain View | Software and Internet | Data Analytics, Management and Storage |
Dole Food Company, Inc. | Thousand Oaks | Manufacturing | Food and Dairy Product Manufacturing and Packaging |
CBRE Group, Inc. | Los Angeles | Real Estate and Construction | Real Estate Investment and Development |
First American Financial Corporation | Santa Ana | Financial Services | Financial Services Other |
The Gap, Inc. | San Francisco | Retail | Clothing and Shoes Stores |
Ross Stores, Inc. | Pleasanton | Retail | Clothing and Shoes Stores |
Qualcomm Incorporated | San Diego | Telecommunications | Wireless and Mobile |
Charles Schwab Corporation | San Francisco | Financial Services | Securities Agents and Brokers |
Sempra Energy | San Diego | Energy and Utilities | Gas and Electric Utilities |
Western Digital Corporation | Irvine | Computers and Electronics | Consumer Electronics, Parts and Repair |
Health Net, Inc. | Woodland Hills | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals and Biotech | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotech Other |
Allergan, Inc. | Irvine | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals and Biotech | Biotechnology |
The Walt Disney Company | Burbank | Media and Entertainment | Motion Picture and Recording Producers |
Hewlett-Packard Company | Palo Alto | Computers and Electronics | Consumer Electronics, Parts and Repair |
URS Corporation | San Francisco | Real Estate and Construction | Architecture,Engineering and Design |
Cisco Systems, Inc. | San Jose | Computers and Electronics | Networking Equipment and Systems |
Wells Fargo and Company | San Francisco | Financial Services | Banks |
Intel Corporation | Santa Clara | Computers and Electronics | Semiconductor and Microchip Manufacturing |
Applied Materials, Inc. | Santa Clara | Computers and Electronics | Semiconductor and Microchip Manufacturing |
Sanmina Corporation | San Jose | Computers and Electronics | Semiconductor and Microchip Manufacturing |
Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Santa Clara | Telecommunications | Telecommunications Equipment and Accessories |
Avery Dennison Corporation | Pasadena | Manufacturing | Paper and Paper Products |
The Clorox Company | Oakland | Manufacturing | Chemicals and Petrochemicals |
Apple Inc. | Cupertino | Computers and Electronics | Consumer Electronics, Parts and Repair |
Amgen Inc | Thousand Oaks | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals and Biotech | Biotechnology |
McKesson Corporation | San Francisco | Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals and Biotech | Pharmaceuticals |
DIRECTV | El Segundo | Telecommunications | Cable Television Providers |
Visa, Inc. | San Mateo | Financial Services | Credit Cards and Related Services |
Google, Inc. | Mountain View | Software and Internet | E-commerce and Internet Businesses |
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The Hartmann Software Group understands these issues and addresses them and others during any training engagement. Although no IT educational institution can guarantee career or application development success, HSG can get you closer to your goals at a far faster rate than self paced learning and, arguably, than the competition. Here are the reasons why we are so successful at teaching:
- Learn from the experts.
- We have provided software development and other IT related training to many major corporations in California since 2002.
- Our educators have years of consulting and training experience; moreover, we require each trainer to have cross-discipline expertise i.e. be Java and .NET experts so that you get a broad understanding of how industry wide experts work and think.
- Discover tips and tricks about IBM programming
- Get your questions answered by easy to follow, organized IBM experts
- Get up to speed with vital IBM programming tools
- Save on travel expenses by learning right from your desk or home office. Enroll in an online instructor led class. Nearly all of our classes are offered in this way.
- Prepare to hit the ground running for a new job or a new position
- See the big picture and have the instructor fill in the gaps
- We teach with sophisticated learning tools and provide excellent supporting course material
- Books and course material are provided in advance
- Get a book of your choice from the HSG Store as a gift from us when you register for a class
- Gain a lot of practical skills in a short amount of time
- We teach what we know…software
- We care…